Boiler basics full analysis, do not look at the regret! - Jiangsu Ruiyuan Heating Equipment Technology Co.

Boilers, as an important heat conversion equipment, are widely used in industrial production, building heating and power generation. Through the combustion of fuel to produce heat to heat water or generate steam, boilers not only undertake the task of heating, but also play a vital role in many industries. In this article, we will comprehensively introduce the basics of boilers, classification, structural components, principles of operation and their maintenance, to help you better understand the boiler equipment and systems.

A full breakdown of boiler basics that you won't regret not reading!

Basic Definition and Role of Boilers

A boiler is a device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel into heat energy and transfers it to water in order to bring the water to the desired temperature or to form steam. The boiler consists of a "furnace", "pot", accessories, instruments and ancillary equipment, which together form a complete system to ensure the normal and safe operation of the boiler.

Classification of boilers

There are numerous types of boilers, which can be categorised according to different criteria:

Classification by use
- industrial boiler: For the provision of steam and hot water in industrial production or for heating.
- station boiler: Generates electricity by generating steam to drive a turbine, mainly used in power stations.
Classification by evaporation
- Small boilers: Evaporation capacity less than 20 tonnes/hour.
- Medium Boiler: Evaporation capacity of 20-75 tonnes/hour.
- Large boilers: Evaporation capacity greater than 75 tonnes/hour.
Classification by pressure
- low-pressure boiler: Working pressure not greater than 2.5 MPa.
- medium pressure boiler: Working pressure 3.0-5.0 MPa.
- High Pressure Boiler: Working pressure 8-11 MPa.
Classification by medium
- steam boiler: A boiler that provides steam.
- hot water boiler: Boilers providing hot water.
- Steam and water boilers: It can generate steam as well as provide hot water.
Classification by combustion method
- Internal combustion boilers: The fuel is burned directly inside the boiler.
- Externally fired boilers: The fuel is burned externally and the heat is transferred to the boiler through a heat exchanger.
By fuel
- coal burning boiler, andoil boiler, andgas boileretc., using different fuels respectively.

Composition of the boiler

The structure of the boiler consists of the following main parts:

furnace: This is the part of the boiler where heat is generated by burning the fuel, and the flue gases pass through the furnace chamber and into the heat exchange area of the boiler.
pans: The body of the boiler, containing components such as the boiler drum (tank), water-cooled wall tubes, convection tube bundles, descending tubes, superheater, economiser, etc., which are responsible for heating water or generating steam.
Accessory Instruments: Includes pressure gauges, safety valves, water level gauges, etc. These gauges ensure the safety and proper operation of the boiler.
Attachments: e.g. pumps, fans, pulverised coal conveying systems, etc., to assist in the normal operation of the boiler.

Boiler water circulation and operating principles

The water or steam inside the boiler flows in a circulation loop, and the water circulation is divided into natural circulation and forced circulation. Steam boilers mostly use natural circulation, relying on the difference in gravity for water circulation; hot water boilers mostly use forced circulation, relying on pumps to push the flow of water.

During the normal operation of a boiler, fuel is burnt in the combustion chamber, releasing heat, which is transferred to the water through the different heating surfaces of the boiler. Through this process, the temperature of the water gradually increases and eventually steam or hot water is produced. In the case of a steam boiler, the steam is heated to a higher temperature after passing through a superheater and becomes superheated steam.

Boiler safety devices and operational checks

In order to ensure the safe operation of the boiler, it is necessary to install a number of necessary safety accessories, such as pressure gauges, safety valves and water level gauges. It is vital to regularly check the functioning of all safety devices during the operation of the boiler, especially during start-up and shutdown of the boiler, which requires strict inspection and maintenance.

pressure gauge: Used to monitor the operating pressure of a boiler.
safety valves: When boiler pressure exceeds the set range, steam is automatically released to reduce the pressure.
water level: Indicates the water level in the boiler and prevents the boiler from dry firing.

Boiler start-up and routine maintenance

The boiler start-up process requires a series of preparatory work, such as checking the boiler body, the steam system, the fuel system, etc., to ensure that all equipment is normal. Water should be fed slowly during startup to avoid excessive thermal stress, and usually the water feeding time is 1-2 hours. During the operation of the boiler, it is also necessary to carry out regular sewage, clean the water level gauge, check the safety door, etc. to ensure the normal operation of the boiler.

Boilers are an integral part of industrial and civil heating systems, and their performance directly affects the quality of production and life. Understanding the classification, structure, working principle and safety measures of boilers is an important responsibility of every boiler operator and user. For industries that require precise control of heat supply, choosing the right boiler and performing routine maintenance are key to ensuring production safety and efficiency.

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